Long Term Effects of Abuse and Violence on Children’s Behavior

Abuse and Violence are a health risk among Children. It carries the potential of producing long and debilitating mental health problems that includes maladaptive behaviors, anxiety disorders, personality or relational issues. This health issue requires equal importance as any other physiologic and physical disorder. It advocates the use of client centered or person-centered therapy. Every child is a human being having similar rights as any adult have. It includes their right to association with both parents, human identity, the provision of the basic needs for physical protection, food, universal state-paid education, health care, and criminal laws appropriate for the age and development of the child, equal protection of the child’s civil rights, and freedom. Prevention of a disruptive home environment is better than a whole system of cure. Abuse, whatever the nature is; physical, psychological or sexual according to Mullen and Fleming (1998) reveals a significant connection between a history of child abuse and a range of adverse outcomes both in childhood and adulthood. The important role of the family and community where the child is raised is stressed. This study describes coping mechanism, mental health wellbeing and functioning of an abused child. The child’s right to be respected for his views is necessary in the treatment and healing process. ISSN: 2642-1747


Introduction
The essence of violence is the destruction of human beings. This includes not only killing but the creation of cultural conditions that materially or psychologically destroy or diminish people's dignity, happiness, and the capacity to fulfill basic material needs.
within the community may not be an easy task. This is a health issue that requires equal importance as any other physiologic and physical disorder. Abuse and violence are the main features of adverse childhood experience. The tragedy of abuse, neglect and violence is that it creates experience of powerlessness and subjugation. It breaks the child before they can fully develop into maturity. In adverse experience there is an intentional or nonintentional harsh treatment of children. The maltreated child is unable to do anything or say anything about their situation out of shame or fear. The repeated or chronic exposure to physical abuse and/ or neglect, sexual abuse and / or persistent sexual abuse, emotional abuse and/ or neglect, physical neglect, emotional neglect.

Physical Abuse and Neglect
Physical abuse includes pinching. pushing, grabbing, shoving, slapping, beating and hitting. Beating or hitting a child can be done with or without the use of objects such as the belt, stick or any object that can afflict serious damage on the Child. Heavy to severe beatings and hitting can usually come from the father but does not exclude the possibility of such from the hands of mother or the child's caregiver. Physical Neglect occurs when the child's basic need for food, shelter and clothing are not met. Lack of proper diet and sustenance. Child looks emaciated and may have low energy in school. Irritability and sleepiness in class. Unkempt clothes, untidy and dirty clothing. " …. Additionally, every child is provided opportunities to make complaints to an identifiable third party. Those caring for children are trained and given appropriate discipline techniques. ".

Disciplinary Measures
Many children suffer physical abuse under the guise of discipline and corporal punishment. Abused children are made to believe being "good enough" is to conform blindly to adult supervision. In cases of child discipline, punishment can be invariably imposed. Although cultural differences in child rearing practices must be considered, reward and consequence must be commensurate and appropriate to the deeds of the child. Consequence and punishment must not be measured as displacement of anger. In other words, discipline must be directed towards improving a specific behavior without harsh or punitive punishment. The child must be aware of his action and understand the context of which he is subjected to corrective measures. Discipline is a process of developing and bringing out the best behavior of the child's character. Within the context of discipline; most children easily fall prey because the perpetuator manipulates the child's willingness to follow. An attachment or bonding that can be subjected to subtle to extreme forms of abuse. Generally, children who rise up and question an adult are categorically marked as rebellious and thus punished under the guise of discipline. Abusive and harsh physical treatment in childhood tend to manifest itself in later life and are associated with antisocial behaviors in adulthood in both men and women.
Punitive corporal punishment in school and home are abusive tendencies to child rearing.
These practices can be culturally influenced. Culture has the capacity to modify the individual's perception and understanding of abuse and neglect. Culture simply means the manner in which parents or caregivers are empowered to think, feel and act in certain peculiar ways which has the potential to cause long-term damage to a child's self-concept and wellbeing, that includes infliction of self-harm. Growing in an abusive environment causes unnecessary stress on children that has toxic effects in the biological sense. It affects physical, intellectual and biological development of children.
Abuse during childhood is linked to changes in the brain structure that may make depression more severe in later life. A region in the brain involved in emotional awareness referred to as the insular cortex tends to be smaller for those who experienced childhood abuse in statistical analysis. Prosser (2019) Prolonged exposure to adverse experiences such as emotional neglect, physical or sexual abuse cause traumas in childhood that often alters the brain structure. These alternations lead to recurrence of depression and worse outcomes. Opel (2019) However, Brain changes can be reversible, and the team led by Opel is planning to test which types of therapies is effective for this group. Behaviorally, it can be observed that most of my late adolescent subjects experience extreme mood swings from elation to depression and express frustration over their inability to cope with emotional issues. It is noted that the respondents who have reached young adulthood have addiction to alcoholic beverages.
Generally, children from difficult situations lack the acceptable social skills that often makes them odd and are addressed as different. Owing to their home set up and environment children form socially unacceptable skills. The role of nurturance has a significant effect on the child. According to Piaget children build their own knowledge based on their experiences. These children adapt and incorporate as their own what they see and observe from the adults around. Thus, the possibility of repeating the same abusive cycle of behavior on their own without direct influence from adults or older children unless dysfunctional home environment is assisted accordingly. Traumatized children from adverse childhood experience struggle for acceptance and must be approached affirmatively. Management of hurting children include a wide range of therapy that includes education, play and art. A classroom management that is inclusive of vulnerable children is helpful. Struggling students with behavioral issues need to be affirmed with positivity. Appreciating desirable actions and positive behavior help in school and community adjustment. "The Right to a Stable, Loving and Nurturing Environment, Every child should be able to experience attachment with its caregiver through a stable, loving and nurturing family environment.".
What children cannot express in words are communicated in terms of behaviors. Emotional neglect due to parents or caregiver's

Am J Biomed Sci & Res
Copy@ Maria Lourdes A de Vera inability to appropriately respond to the child contribute to feelings of inadequacy in children. In far more difficult cases, having failed to achieve a secure attachment re-establishing trust and hope can be crucial and challenging. The child's second chance in redeeming a negative factor is the school. The need for consistency and assurance is highly noticeable among children who are emotionally neglected. Perceived or real abandonment leads to clingy children.  to the situation presented to them. Their emotion and cognitive ability are fashioned to survive prolonged toxic stress, hurt, pain and rejection. Being smug and tough is just a way to protect a broken or hurting inner self that needs to be protected. They have a stronger inner sense to survive and to protect oneself from further trauma is to set up a defense mechanism by putting up a wall. These Children tend to be aloof however, it must be considered that their sense for personal space must be recognized considering the fact that they are most often abused or violated physically or emotionally. Therefore, their need for privacy is marked higher much more than the average child. Although these behaviors may be observed in other childhood problems, an extensive and exhaustive background check is necessary to rule out other emotional and mental health issues.
Case to case management is therefore advised. Accepting students without judgmental stereotyping provides comfort for the child and ushers the readiness to change. Focus on the child's best quality reinforce good behavior. It can be noted that owing to the child's poor self-image, the need for consistent reassurance and affirmation is increased in its attempt to recover and redeem the need for affection and appreciation where it was otherwise lacking. When words are not enough, affirm children with your presence. Let them know that you are ready and available.
Hear them out first without talking your way in. Attentive listening and perceptive understanding are one of the essential cues. After the home environment, the next significant adult is the teacher at school. The lack of stability in the home environment leads itself to slowed academic performance. Absent mindedness at school can also be due to lack of nutrition or proper sleep that shows in the child's poor concentration and focus necessary to participate in school activities or comprehension in academic subjects. The experience of prolonged toxic stress in the home is a major factor that depletes the interest, motivation and deviates the child's priority to shift to the satisfaction of basic needs such as security and safety. Other essential things such as exploring, learning and establishing interpersonal relationships, may widely be ignored and considered as secondary to the child. This is evident in school performance. Achieving an open communication and reach an understanding is one of the major issues in guiding traumatized children. Trust is of major concern. Violated and abused, these children experience Overwhelming social forces that act on parents with few resources or skills with which to cope and adapt can produce violent tendencies that lead to the mistreatment of their children.

Childhood and Adolescence Sexual Abuse
This study started in 1992, where cases of Abuse seemed an isolated case and Rape was almost unthinkable. It was a common notion that these incidents occur only in underprivileged areas and poor families who are exposed to violence secondary to poverty and

Cultural Variations
In a comparison with other Asian countries, in Indonesia, raising the age of consent to 18 is explained under the child protection Act. countries, what it clearly shows a child must be given the necessary protection to mature emotionally and physically until such time that he or she is ready to give consent to sexual activity. In my study, most rape cases are incestuous between brothers and sister, uncle and nephews, uncles and niece and father and daughters. It is observed that most of these children experience relational issues in their adult life and or peculiar sexual patterns and preferences as disclosed by the subjects. Some of the subjects are unable to heal completely and still recall the experience with resentment and pain.

Sexual acts with a child could result in bodily and mental injury
And the common coping mechanism is social isolation. These cases are not openly reported due religious affinity, social background and their personal decision not to do so. Cases of incestuous rape average at 30 reports per year for the past five years. These reports and figures show that rape remains a prevalent social problem.
Results show that most children or teenage boys or girls experience difficulty in forming stable relationships during adulthood or find themselves in the same abusive relationships.

Copy@ Maria Lourdes A de Vera
Without the necessary help to resolve such inner conflicts and process traumatic experiences often results to maladaptive tendencies in adult life.
In  Respondents lengthily discussed their thoughts about the ideal parent and their frustration over the lack of support, affection and the lack of connection to either of the parent. Moreover, the respondents described fully disruptive relationships in the home.
Subjects shared similar patterns of home environment. Guidance refers to helping subjects find meaning in the choices and decisions they make. Guidance is the process by which subjects explore and express their current concern by reviewing their options, finding equanimity before drawing their decisions. It is a long-term exercise for subjects to develop in the absence of proper parental support.
Establishing boundaries helps subjects recover from violation and restores self-image. In a more General concept, Rights based on approach recognizes and affirms its welfare and well-being of every child as a human being. Abuse and violence is the wrong use of authority and power.

Results
Children from families where domestic violence regularly occurs in the home environment tend to suffer from emotional violence if not physical abuse. Children reported spousal violence in their home environment where there is domestic violence. More than Fifty percent of child sexual offenders physically abused their adult female partner. Half of these males tend to physically abuse the partner's children. They also tend to sexually abuse children when the partner is not at home. It can be noted that there is a poor sense of self-image needing constant affirmation. Sexually abused children experience trust issues and needs consistent reassurance, the lack of healthy proper affectionate ← ← ← gestures render them vulnerable to abusive relationships. They also exhibit the lowered capacity to sustain non abusive relationships. Based on the data gathered there is a general tendency among victims of Abused children to experience difficulty in establishing intimacy in relationships and finding the sense for emotional connectivity are among the life skills that are either underdeveloped or must be learned. The nature of therapy prioritizes restoring a healthy self-image. It focuses on a nondirective/authoritative, empathic approach that empowers and motivates the client within the therapeutic process. It encourages clients to get connected with their emotions, find meaning and guidance to make solutions based on their capacity to work out their issues.