Preliminary Study On Parasites In Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta Caretta) From The Southern Tunisian Waters

Introduction In the last decades the occurrence of parasites have been used not only to assess the health status of their hosts, but also as an important tool to understand aspects of the host’s biology, namely their migratory behavior, distribution and feeding ecology. Among host, the sea turtles are no exception regarding their parasites infection. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) the most abundant marine turtles in the Mediterranean Sea harbour a great variety of metazoan parasites belonging to the Trematoda, Nematoda, Cestoda and Hirudinea Class. In this study, we present preliminary information about the parasite fauna of Caretta caretta from the Gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisian water).


Introduction
In the last decades the occurrence of parasites have been used not only to assess the health status of their hosts, but also as an important tool to understand aspects of the host's biology, namely their migratory behavior, distribution and feeding ecology. Among host, the sea turtles are no exception regarding their parasites infection. Loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) the most abundant marine turtles in the Mediterranean Sea harbour a great variety of metazoan parasites belonging to the Trematoda, Nematoda, Cestoda and Hirudinea Class. In this study, we present preliminary information about the parasite fauna of Caretta caretta from the Gulf of Gabes (Southern Tunisian water).

Methods
As a part of a project evaluating the health status of the loggerhead sea turtle along the Tunisian coasts and under the marine turtle stranding network, a systematic study was performed to assess the presence of infective agents of the loggerhead sea turtle in the Gulf of Gabes (southern Tunisian) (Figure 1). A total of five stranded and two accidentally caught loggerhead (Curved carapace length SCCL, ranging from 47 to 59 cm) collected between [1] and 2010 were studied in respect to their metazoan parasites.
Parasitological examinations of the stomach and intestine were carried out. The helminths were collected and preserved in 70° alcohol. The nematodes were clarified in lactophenol and the trematodes were stained with carmine aluminic acetate, before being studied microscopically. Ectoparasites were removed from the external surface of the turtles and then fixed and preserved in 70% ethanol ( Figure 1).

Results
Three helminths species: one digenean trematode: Diaschistorchis pandus (Braun, 1901) and two nematodes: Kathlania leptura (Rudolphi, 1819) and [2] (Lane, 1914) were located in the intestine of three accidentally caught loggerhead (Table 1). Two ectoparasites species were recorded in different locations. The copepod of the genus Harpacticoida was found on the carapace of a single accidentally caught loggerhead turtle, this copepod seems to be a Balaenophilus sp. Many Hirudinea identified as Ozobranchus margoi (Davies and Chapman 1974) were located mainly between the carapace and the plastron of three sampled turtles (two stranded and one accidentally caught) ( Table 1)

Discussion
The parasitological findings here described are consistent with previous reports from loggerheads in the Mediterranean ( Table 2).
The trematoda Diaschistorchis pandus and the nematoda Tonaudia tonaudia were signaled only in loggerhead from the southern

Mediterranean [3] (Gulf of Gabes and Egypt). However, the infrequency of sea turtle's programs In the south Mediterranean
Sea, the smallest number of turtles sampled and the difference in sampling period don't allowed us to confirm a clear geographical distribution of these helminthes. Kathlania leptura was present in different Mediterranean area with much higher intensities than those encountered by us (Table 2). Thus, in Egypt, K. leptura was found with a prevalence of 18.3% (n = 33) and an intensity range from 8 to 240 individuals in C. caretta [4]. In Australia [5], found about 200 individuals in one of the turtles examined.
The copepod of the order Harpacticoida was found on the carapace of a single accidentally caught loggerhead turtle. Although it has not proceeded to the identification of this species, there are characters obvious morphological rule out its allocation to the Balaenophilidae family. Given the ecological versatility of the harpacticoid copepods (see [6]) that confirm the regular presence of this species as a commensal of the loggerhead turtle, feeding on diatoms or bacteria that usually grow on the back [7]. Three turtles were found infected with leeches identified as Ozobranchus margoi.
This Hirudinea species occurs on most species of Cheloniidae and it is a cosmopolitan ectoparasite of loggerhead turtles. This ectoparasite is most often located on the soft tissues of the body surface. In the Mediterranean Sea, this finding is not common [8].
One stranded loggerhead in February [9] had numerous specimens of Ozobranchus margoi adhered between the carapace and the plastron. Various developmental stages of the parasites were found.
A massive infestation of Ozobranchussp can induce pathological effects, like anaemia, because it is a hematophagous parasite [10].