Sodium Glucose Co-Transporters 2 Inhibitors are Useful Addition for Treatment of Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

Background: Recent well-designed trials have shown that sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors decrease heart failure hospitalization (HFH) in patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Methods: Review of literature (English, French, Spanish) from January 1990 to January 21, 2020. Key words included heart failure, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, SGLT2 inhibitors, safety, randomized trials, and meta-analysis. Expert opinions and guidelines are also reviewed. Results: The use of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes was associated with significant relative reduction in HFH by 27-35%. The latter reduction is most likely a class effect and is consistent in patients with various degrees of cardiovascular (CV) risk at baseline. In patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), dapagliflozin decreased risk of a composite outcome of worsening heart failure (HF) or CV death by 26%, as well as the secondary outcomes of HFH by 30% and death from any cause by 17%. Moreover, dapagliflozin decreased severity of symptoms of heart failure. Importantly, the amelioration of previous outcomes was similar in patients with or without diabetes. Dapagliflozin did not cause major hypoglycemia in non-diabetic patients with heart failure. However, patients with advanced HFrEF with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV were not included. Conclusion: SGLT2 inhibitors should be added to the standard care in most patients with HFrEF in presence or absence of type 2 diabetes.


Introduction
SGLT2 inhibitors are medications approved to treat type 2 diabetes. They decrease hyperglycemia independently of insulin by lowering the renal threshold for glucose and therefore increasing urinary excretion of glucose [1]. Recent large CV trials have consistently shown that these agents decrease HFH by 27-35% compared with placebo [2][3][4]. HFrEF is defined as HF syndrome with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≤ 40% [5]. A large randomized trial, called the DAPA-HF Trial, published in late 2019 demonstrated that dapagliflozin significantly decreased HFH and mortality in patients with HFrEF [6]. The results of previous trials were not reflected on American practice guidelines because they were published after the release of Practice guidelines from the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) [7]. The Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Consensus published in August 2019 reports that there is enough evidence to consider that the ability of SGLT2 inhibitors to prevent HFH is a class effect. Yet, there is insufficient evidence to extend this observation to reductions in either CV or all-cause mortality or to patients without diabetes [8].
However, the latter Consensus was published after the release of the DAPA-HF Trial [6]. The author expects that the newer American and International guidelines will recommend SGLT2 inhibitors for standard management of most patients with HFrEF irrespective of existence of diabetes. However, the recently released guidelines of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) in 2020 mentioned that: "In patients with type 2 diabetes and established heart failure, a SGLT2 inhibitor may be considered to reduce risk of heart failure hospitalization" [9]. The ADA graded the latter recommendation as grade C, i.e. supportive evidence is derived from poorly controlled or uncontrolled studies [9]. In this mini review, the author presents data showing prevention of HFH in patients with type 2 diabetes in both randomized and real-world studies by SGLT2 inhibitors and effective treatment by these agents of actual HFrEF in patients with and without diabetes.

Large Randomized Cardiovascular Trials of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Upon request of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA), pharmaceutical companies are required to design large clinical trials to prove CV safety of their products. Thus, 3 large randomized double-blind trials were published to examine CV safety of the 3 SGLT2 inhibitors empagliflozin, canagliflozin, and dapagliflozin (table 1) [2][3][4]. The primary outcome in these trials was a composite of major adverse CV outcome (MACE) defined as CV death, non-fatal myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke. One of the secondary outcomes of these trials was HFH [2][3][4]. Despite the variable baseline CV risk across the 3 trials, the relative reduction in HFH compared with placebo was robust and consistent, ranging from 27% to 35% (table 1) [2][3][4]. A meta-analysis of the 3 studies estimated the overall risk reduction to be 31% (hazard ratio 0.69, 95% CI 0.61-79) [10]. The decrease in HFH was similar whether patients had established CV disease at baseline or had only CV risk factors [10]. Regarding the time course of events, the difference in rates of HFH between the SGLT2 inhibitors and placebo was evident early few months after starting treatment [2][3][4].

Results of Real-World Studies
The benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors on HFH and death were clearly shown in observational studies of real-world practice. The CVD- (mean age was 57 y) at lower CV risk at baseline [12].
In another study using 2 commercial and one Federal data sources, Patorno et al. [13] showed that initiation of empagliflozin in real-world practice was associated with 50% reduction in HFH as compared with initiation of sitagliptin over a mean follow-up of 5.3 months, hazard ration 0.50 (95% CI 0.21-0.91) [12]. Subgroup analysis by presence of baseline CV disease, history of heart failure, and gender yielded consistent results [13].

SGLT2 Inhibitors as Treatment for Heart Failure in Patients with And Without Diabetes
Two studies were recently published to evaluate SGLT2 inhibitors as treatment for patients with HF irrespective of presence of diabetes. The first was a small short-term randomized trial using empagliflozin 10 mg/d in patients with HFrEF (mean LVEF 26%) [14]. After 12 weeks, significantly greater proportions of patients  An increase in scoring of ≥5 is considered clinically important [6].

SGLT2 Inhibitors for Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
In a pilot randomized, double-blind trial (n=79), Damman et al [15] evaluated the cardiac effects and safety of administration of empagliflozin 10 mg/d for 30 days in patients with or without diabetes admitted to the hospital because of acute HF. No significant effects were observed between the empagliflozin group and placebo group in terms of dyspnea, diuretic response, or length of stay. Meanwhile, empagliflozin reduced a combined outcome of in-hospital worsening HF, HFH, or death at 60 days compared with placebo, 4(10%) vs. 13 (33%); P =0.014 [15]. No safety issues were reported with empagliflozin with respect to renal function or blood pressure [15]. These data are overall reassuring, but clearly further studies are needed to study SGLT2 inhibitors in the setting of acute heart failure.

Mechanisms of Cardiac Benefits of SGLT2 Inhibitors
Mechanisms underlying the reduction in HFH of SGLT2 inhibitors are not fully understood and are currently an area of active research.
These mechanisms include changes in arterial stiffness and cardiac oxygen demand, and reduction in the following parameters: serum uric acid, tissue sodium, albuminuria, ambulatory blood pressure, and weight [16]. Regarding the relative importance of these mechanisms, several observations need to be considered.
First, the fact that reduction in HFH occurred early within the first few months after administration of SGLT2 inhibitors suggests that diuresis and natriuresis by these agents may be early mechanisms involved to decrease the after load. Second, it is unlikely that the mild reduction in hemoglobin A1c values (approximately 0.2-0.4% less than placebo) is a significant factor. This notion is supported by the fact that patients without diabetes had similar magnitude of cardiac benefits [6]. Third, recent data do not suggest a positive inotropic action by SGLT2 inhibitors. Thus, using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, Verma et al [17] showed amelioration of left ventricular mass index after 6 months of empagliflozin therapy, but no significant effect on ejection fraction [17].

Safety of SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure
Overall, SGLT2 inhibitors were well-tolerated as reflected by rates of discontinuation due to adverse effects that are close to

Rationale for Adding SGLT2 Inhibitors to Standard Therapy of Heart Failure Irrespective of Diabetes
Based on the preceding, SGLT2 inhibitors should be included as part of management of most patients with HFrEF irrespective of presence of diabetes based on the following: first the reduction in HFH is robust and consistent across a wide range of patients' characteristics [2][3][4]. Second, the magnitude of decrease in HFH is substantial, was already manifest after few months, and was demonstrated on top of standard treatment of HF [6]. Third, the decrease in HFH by SGLT2 inhibitors was similar in patients with and without diabetes [6]. Fourth, in addition to reduction in HFH and amelioration of symptoms of HF, dapagliflozin significantly reduced CV death and all-cause death [6]. Fifth, SGLT2 inhibitors did not cause major hypoglycemia in patients without diabetes [6].

Limitation for the Recommendation of Using SGLT2 Inhibitors in All Patients with HFrEF
Despite the encouraging results of dapagliflozin in reducing CV events in patients with HFrEF, patients with NYHA class IV, i.e.
patients with more advanced heart failure, were not adequately studied [6]. Thus, less than 1% of patients involved in the DAPA-HF trial pertained to NYHA class IV, whereas approximately 67% and 32% of patients pertained to class II and III, respectively [6]. Therefore, use of SGLT2 inhibitors cannot be recommended in patients with HFrEF class IV until this group of patients is thoroughly evaluated in terms of efficacy and safety.

Conclusions and Current Directions
Reduction of HFH by 27-35% is a robust class effect of the 3 SGLT2 inhibitors [2][3][4]. The relative risk reduction in HFH by these agents emerges few months after starting treatment and is similar in patients with established CV disease and patients with only CV risk factors. In subjects with established HFrEF of NYHA class II and III, dapagliflozin significantly decreased HFH, CV death and allcause death [6]. Moreover, these benefits extend to patients without diabetes [6]. Based on the available data, the author recommends using SGLT2 inhibitors as a standard therapy for patients HFrEF class II and III, irrespective of presence of diabetes. Randomized trials (n=17 trials) are underway to examine the effects of different SGLT2 inhibitors on clinical and safety outcomes in patients with HF.
These trials include patients with and without type 2 diabetes, and with HFrEF as well as HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) i.e. LVEF ≥ 50% [8]. Randomized studies are needed to specifically evaluate efficacy and safety of SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with more advanced HF (i.e. NYHA class IV). The results of these ongoing trials will likely have great impact on the pending American and International guidelines of HF practice.