Green Synthesis of Copper Nanoparticles Using Aqueous Solution of Flowers of Capparis Decidua from Cholistan Desert

The undeniable impact of nanotechnology in biomedicines science is further explored by the rapid green synthesis of Cu nanoparticles (NPs) from flower extract of a deserted region species, Capparis decidua which is proven to be an important pharmacological medicine. The extract of Capparis decidua exhibits potential against diseases like paralysis, diabetes, cough, asthma, enlarged spleen. Synthesized NPs were characterized by UV-vis, FTIR, SEM, and EDX spectroscopy, and results declare the conformation of these NPs which can enhance extracts effectiveness against diseases.


Introduction
Herbal medicines constitute natural compounds isolated from plant sources [1] which 90-95% are obtained from natural sources [2,3]. Besides having a less toxic and more therapeutic nature their drug delivery system is the main area of concern for scientists and pharmacologists. "Herbal remedies" term is referred to the 90-95% plant extract-based NPs [4] due to effective drug delivery action with less toxic side reactions. A statistical data of 1981-2007 shows 50% of drugs are plant-based NPs while new drugs in the era of 1981-2007 specifies that almost 50% of drugs are synthesized utilizing NPs obtained from plant sources because of compact size and effective drug action [5]. Desert plant shows exceptions as the herbal drugs, being rich in metabolites used both traditionally and pharmacologically. Present studies emphasize on reporting Cholistan desert species, covers around 26,000 Km 2 area located south of Punjab, Pakistan accounts for 154 plant species belong to

Preparation of Extract
The flowers were washed properly with distilled water and parched in shelter for 4-5 days. The dried flowers were then crushed by a grinder followed by the preparation of broth by boiling 10g powder in 100mL of distilled water at 60°C for 40 minutes. The resulted infusion was allowed to cool down to room temperature and filtered.

Synthesis of Metal NPs
80mL of plant extract was added in 100mL followed by the addition of 2g of metallic salt and stirred at 60°C for 1 hour. The reduction of metallic ions takes place. The production of NPs was observed by color changing from light brown to dark brown in this case. This methodology is presented in illusion form in Figure 1.

Results and Discussion
The Cu NPs were periodically examined by UV-Visible spectroscopy in the wavelength ranging from 200-800nm at room temperature. To identify the possible functional groups, present in the NPs they were subjected to the FTIR spectroscopy. To identify the shape of NPs SEM spectroscopy was used. Then scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the size and shape of the NPs. EDAX was used to do elemental analysis of biogenic copper NPs.
UV visible spectroscopy is the first characterization technique that confirms the synthesis of Cu NPs. Cu NPs were analyzed by UV visible spectroscopy via Shimadzu UV-2450 spectrophotometer to confirmation the synthesis of NPs. Absorbance of synthesized of NPs was measured in solution form. The graph shows an absorbance peak at 390 nm confirming the synthesis of Cu NPs as indicated in spectral ( Figure 2).  The frequency range at 1200 cm-1 reported the presence of Ester and carbonyl compounds. While the frequency range at 600 cm-1 confirmed the presence of Halo compounds and C-I single bond.

FTIR Spectroscopy
The simple representation is done by illustration Table 1.

SEM Spectroscopy
The morphology of the NPs is shown in Figure 4. This image reveals that the synthesized particles are highly agglomerated in nature. Some of the large particles are also present due to aggregation or overlapping of the smaller particles. The shape of the NPs is no so well defined. They are somewhat spherical to irregular in appearance.

American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research
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EDX Spectroscopy
The EDX spectroscopy shown in Figure