Measles Virus is Associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma and Additional Tumors - a Never Ending Story

Daniel Benharroch* Department of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center, Israel *Corresponding author: Daniel Benharroch, Retired, Formerly, Head of Hematopathology Unit, Department of Pathology, Soroka University Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel To Cite This Article: Daniel Benharroch, Measles Virus is Associated with Hodgkin Lymphoma and Additional Tumors a Never Ending Story. Am J Biomed Sci & Res. 2021 12(1). AJBSR.MS.ID.001712. DOI: 10.34297/AJBSR.2021.12.001712. Received: February 02, 2021; Published: February 19, 2021


Introduction "Ancient history" microbes and cancer
About 15% of human cancers -thought to arise by mechanisms that involve viruses, bacteria or parasites.
Evidence for their involvement -partly from the detection of the agents in biopsies......and partly from animal and epidemiological studies. The biologic agent (virus) is usually responsible for only a limited number of steps in the initiation/progression of cancer.
In many cases the precise role of cancer-associated virus is hard to decipher due to the long delay from the initial viral infection!
The number of individuals infected by the virus is much larger than that with virus-associated cancers. Therefore, viruses must act in conjunction with other factors

Chronic inflammation and cancer
In some cases of unresolved chronic inflammation, the immune response becomes maladaptive, promoting tumorigenesis. A regenerative process supported by numerous bioactive mediators, promote cell survival, tissue remodeling and angiogenesis. The mediators also cause genomic stress and mutations.

Hodgkin lymphoma
Hodgkin lymphoma is a cancer of lymph nodes and of the immune system. Infrequent, but one of the most frequent cancers of young adults (15-34). As a rule, very few cancer cells in tumor mass. Very good response to treatment (80% and more are cured).

Epidemiologic correlation of EBV in classic Hodgkin lymphoma
The association of EBV in cHL varies from 17% in some industrialized countries to 100% in a few developing countries.
EBV expression varies with gender: Male patients are more likely to be EBV positive than are female patients (figure 1).

Comments
We have shown an association between MV and HL (though They used UV-laser beam single cell microdissection. About 100 cells were pooled for each experiment, RNA was extracted, and RT-PCR performed with primers from three MV genes.

Results
The

Comments
In the German study few but highly selective cases were studied using different, more sophisticated, methods than ours. Classic HL tissues are rich in ribonucleases (in eosinophils!). MV-RNAs was of low abundance. GAPDH with its abundant RNA may not be an adequate choice for a housekeeping gene in this experiment. Our 7 cases studied in Germany were all MC-HL, most were EBV positive.
We had studied 5 for MV-RNA. They were faint (2) or negative (3). A possible additional evidence of a role for MV in carcinogenesis is that MV proteins are capable of interacting and stabilizing the Pirh2 protein, and ubiquitin E3 ligase by preventing its ubiquitination.

Are there MV-negative cancers?
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas tested with cHL (25) were negative for MV antigens. But ALK1-positive anaplastic large cell lymphomas were positive. Seminomas showed in a few cases background staining for MV antigens, but they were negative.

Additional cancers negative for measles virus
Prof. Samuel Ariad -communication: We reviewed the role of apoptosis in HRS cells of classic HL, in the light of conflicting evidence. We found that HRS cells showed inhibition of apoptosis in 55% of the 217 cases only.
It is also suggested that NF-κB (p65) and LMP1/EBV do not correlate with apoptosis inhibition, in contrast with the consensus view.

Apoptosis of HRS cells (2):
The most significant association of HRS cell apoptosis was with p53, the negative expression of which was related with a high apoptotic index (p=.001). We analyzed the relationship between positive MV expression and factors related with apoptosis and found associations with apoptotic index less than median (p=.005); with Mdm2+ (p=.028); with IκB+ (p=.0001).

Provisional Conclusions
A relation between MV expression and several malignancies is displayed. In cHL this may even be causally related with apoptosis modulation as the supportive mechanism. Findings are probably sustained by an increased cHL morbidity related with a raised measles occurrence in young adults, in Israel [4] in Quebec and in