Traditional and Pharmacological Reports of The Genus Baccaurea. A Review

Introduction

Plants and phytoproducts continue to play a vital role in the treatment of various diseases. From the beginning of human civilization, plants have beneficial activity in the treatment of human diseases. World Health Organization (WHO) survey reveals that about 80% of the world’s inhabitant’s problem is treated by medicinal herbal drug for their primary health care [1]. Nowadays, the use of medicinal plants for alleviating diseases is growing day by day around the world especially in Asia [2]. Drug discovery from plants is a multi-disciplinary approach and is interconnected with many disciplines like botanical, ethnobotanicals, phytochemical, biological, and various chemical separation processes along with combinatorial synthetic techniques [3]. Although pharmaceuticals derived from flowering plants still account for almost 30% of the prescribed items, modern orthodox. Western medicine over the last century has moved away from an obvious connection with plants [4]. In many other parts of the world herbalism flourishes as the standard method of treatment [5]. Among plants, the genus of Baccaurea have interesting biological activities. Baccaurea is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the family Phyllanthaceae. The genus comprises about 100 species, extensively distributed from Indo-Malaysia to the West Pacific [6].

Among them, few species of Baccaurea namely Baccaurea ramiflora Lour Baccaurea sapida Muell.Arg (B. ramiflora), Baccaurea angulata (B. angulata), Baccaurea courtallensis Muell. Arg. (B. courtallensis), Baccaurea macrocarpa (B. macrocarpa), Baccaurea macrophylla Muell (B. macrophylla), Baccaurea lanceolata (B. lanceolata), Baccaurea racemosa Müll.Arg (B. racemosa), and Baccaurea motleyana (B. motleyana) are available in the south-east Asian region. According to ethanobotanical and traditional uses, these flowering plants are used for rheumatoid arthritis, cellulitis, abscesses, treat injuries, constipation, treatment of infectious diseases such as diarrhoea, dysentery, and skin infection, sore eyes etc. [7].  Plants of Baccaurea species have been shown to contain diverse phytochemical properties like phytosterols, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, volatile oils, etc. [7-8]. Different pharmacological studies including antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, haemolytic, neuropharmacological, insecticidal, etc. on this Baccaurea species. Considering the secret potentialities of the underutilized Baccaurea species, so far, several research studies have been carried out to investigate their different medicinal uses, demand the isolation and detection of active concepts and comprehensive bioassay.

Baccaurea Species in Folklore Practice

Generally, the practice of herbal medicine is most widespread in developing countries and is often more affordable than expensive modern pharmaceutical drugs [9]. It has been revealed that 80% of the population in Asian countries are still using herbal medicines as their main medicinal source for their wellbeing [10].

ramiflora, the most well-known species, for the Southeast Asian region and found growing wild as well as under cultivation in Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Myanmar, South China, Indochina, Thailand, the Andaman Islands and Peninsular Malaysia. It grows in few districts of Bangladesh namely Narsingdi, Sylhet, Gazipur, Netrokona and Kishoregonj [11]. The folklore uses of B. ramiflora have attracted the attentions over time and thus various researchers documented different parts of species are used as ethnomedical for many purposes like as an anti-phlogistic and anodyne against rheumatoid arthritis, cellulitis, abscesses, indigestion, flavouring and colouring agent etc. by the inhabitants of different countries in Southeast Asia [Table 1]. B. courtallensis is another common species widely distributed in Western Ghats of India [12]. The plant is frequently used in India such as treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, skin infection, controlling diabetes, piles, antidote, anti-inflammatory purposes etc. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Recourses (IUCN) has enlisted it as threatened species [13].

Table 1:

angulata, is also the popular plant that is native to Borneo Island of Malaysia and several other regions of Indonesia [14]. The high antioxidant levels of B. angulata had opened a new possibility of developing it as herbal preparations that has a high potential for producing nutraceutical benefits our wellbeing. In Borneo Island, the plant is considered as traditionally important by the rural communities [15]. B. lanceolata, another species is found in Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Philippines. In traditional contemplation the plant is used for stomach-ache, body swellings, diarrhoea, prevent drunkenness, skin care ingredients etc. in South Kalimantan region [16]. B. motleyana species is popular to Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Moluccas regions, which is used to treat as eye inflammation, childbirth protective medicaments, abdominal discomfort, cosmetic industries etc. by the local people in the Malaysian and Indonesian countries [16]. B. macrophylla is a species of fruit tree, which is native to Southeast Asia, especially East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Various parts of plants are used in local cuisine and herbal medicines in Thailand for treatment of stomachache and sore eyes as well as used as antiulcer and anti-inflammatory [17-25] (Table 1).

Reported Pharmacological Activity

Antioxidant activity

Medicinal plants have always been recognized as a potential source of natural antioxidants which are preventive compounds that play an important role in protecting against oxidative damage induced by Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) [26-44]. Among Baccaurea species, B. ramiflora, B. angulata, B. courtallensis, B. macrocarpa, B. macrophylla, B. lanceolata, B. racemosa are reported to have antioxidant property. B. ramiflora is claimed to possess moderate antioxidant activity. To make an overall calculation of B. ramiflora’s capacity for antioxidants several researchers have tried with the action of various solvents by using synthetic and natural antioxidants as standards. There are numerous studies for determining the antioxidant activity in terms of its aqueous, ethanolic, hydromethanol, methanolic and crude extracts of B. ramiflora, it can be suggested that the ethanolic extract of B. ramiflora leaf fractions presented better antioxidant potential (IC50 4.524μg/ml) determined by (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, compared to other extracts [44-52]. Recent study indicated that the antioxidant activity of ethanolic, aqueous and crude extracts of leaf, root, and peel of B. courtallensis were evaluated through DPPH, FRAP, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and Nitric oxide assay by several researchers. Among them, B. courtallensis root crude aqueous extract showed effective scavenging abilities against the free radicals by acting as hydrogen donors to scavenge DPPH free radicals with (IC50 1.0µg/ml) [27-31]. The comparative study of another two underutilized fruits of Baccaurea genus, B. lanceolata and B. macrocarpa were investigated for in vitro antioxidant properties, where it was found that B. macrocarpa (pericarp) showed the higher antioxidant activities than B. lanceolata in DPPH, ABTS and FRAP respectively [53].

The methanol extract of bark of B. macrocarpa has an antioxidant activity with (IC50 11.15ppm) [54]. Another investigation revealed that B. macrophylla dried leaf ethanolic extracts exhibited the highest antioxidant activities with (IC50 1.70µg/mL) [17]. Mining of literature showed a wide spectrum of antioxidant activities of different parts of B. rasemosa by using different solvents determined by (DPPH), (TEAC), (FRAP), and (ABTS) radical scavenging assays, whereas the methanolic leaf extract possessed highest activity (IC50 4.298μg/ml) in DPPH radical scavenging assays [55-57]. Both in vitro and in vivo assays were performed using many antioxidant methods in B. angulata. Among them, methanolic peel extracts displayed the higher DPPH (78.54±2.08 mg AA/100g), indicating antioxidant activity [58-59]. B. angulata fruits was also examined in vivo antioxidant effect in rabbits, where Plasma malondialdehyde levels greatest in peel juice treated group (671.04%), highest level of catalase activity (12.66 %) and total antioxidant capacity (309.08±35.59mM) [34-35].

Anti-microbial activity

Anti-bacterial activity: In antimicrobial study, it was observed that the ethanol extract of angulata fruit showed the highest levels of antimicrobial activity with maximum inhibition (37±1mm) using agar well diffusion against S. pneumonia [15]. Several researchers have been trying to make an overall antimicrobial estimate for potentiality of B. ramiflora (seed, stem bark, fruits) with the action of various solvents use against in many grams positive and gram-negative bacteria by disc diffusion method [46]. In this study, the methanolic extracts of B. ramiflora seed and fruits showed highest levels of antimicrobial activity with MIC 3.20mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea and Shigella boydii [2] and fruits displayed MIC values ranging between 2.50 to 5.00mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Shigella fexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and E. coli [60]. The stem bark (400µg/ml) was the most effective against Shigella boydii with 25mm zone of inhibition compared to the standard Ciprofloxacin 28mm at 30µg/disc [49]. The methanolic and benzene extracts B. courtallensis leaves exhibited significant antimicrobial activity in well diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) medium with MIC 1.6µg/ml against B. Subtilis and 2.36µg/ml, against S. Aureus where Amoxicillin (100µg/ml) disc isolates for comparison [61]. The comparative study of antimicrobial activity B. lanceolata fruit, leaves, and bark extracts was evaluated by using the disc diffusion method. Among them the fruits produced significant zones of inhibition in mm, 12.0 for B. cereus and M. catarrhalis, 10.29 for P. acnes, respectively [9,37]. The ethanolic peel extract of B. motleyana was also demonstrated highest zone of inhibition of 35mm against Proteus vulgaricus and Bacillus cereus and appeared to be as a good antimicrobial agent where streptomycin used as standard [40].

Anti-fungal activity: An experiment reported that, three compounds viz. sapidolide A, picrotoximaesin and ramifloside isolated from ramiflora berries showed antifungal activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides with MIC 12.50µg/ml, 50.00µg/ml, and 12.50µg/ml, respectively compared to the standard carbendazim (6.25µg/ml) [62]. The antifungal effect of B. sapida fruits due to presence of two isolated compounds, i.e., oleic acid and palmitic acid reveled activities against opportunistic plant pathogens Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima with IC50 197.75µg/ml and 154.22µg/ml, 116.89µg/ml and 168.22µg/ml respectively, for oleic acid and palmitic acid [63]. The stem bark of B. ramiflora revealed mild effectiveness with zone of inhibition of 10 mm against Candida arrizae in comparison to griseofulvin (13-18mm) [49].

Anti-inflammatory activity

ramiflora is known to be effective against inflammation, which is confirmed by investigating the anti-inflammatory effect using methanolic extract of their stem, leaves and fruit pulp by carrageenan induced paw oedema method in rodents. The result indicated that the extracts of B. ramiflora at the dose level of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity that was strongly comparable with the (Ibuprofen, 10mg/kg) [64]. Another study reported the down-regulating the increased level of cytokine due to inflammation effect of Baccaurea leaf on the cytokine level IL-1β (4.4pg/mg protein) and TNF-α (0.21ng/μg protein). The proposed anti-inflammatory bioactivity of leaf might be due to the presence of rosmarinic acid [44] and β-sitesterol which are established anti-inflammatory compounds [65-66]. B. courtallensis leaf extract has also been reported to be effective against inflammation at doses of 150mg/kg and 450mg/kg bodyweight, demonstrated substantial inhibition of carrageenan-induced rat paw edema formation compared to the standard drug Indomethacin (10mg/kg) [30].

Anti-cancer activity

Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. According to the literature, the best anticancer activity was exhibited by hexane extract of B. motleyana peels that showed IC50 43.6μg/mL on colon cancer line (HT-29) compared to other extracts, measured by MTS assay [41]. B. macrophylla is also considered as the potential source for anticancer activities against human cervical cancer cell line (HeLa cells), human colon cancer cell lines (HT29 and HCT116 cells), human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7 cells), and a non-cancer cell line (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells; Vero cells) were determined using the MTT assay, where the dried leaf ethanolic extract of B. macrophylla exhibited significant toxicity to HeLa, HT29 and HCT116 cells growth [17].

Anti-hyperlipidemic activity

Methanolic extract (200 and 400mg/kg) of B. courtallensis produced impressive antihyperlipidemic activity in Triton WR-1339 and high fat diet–induced hyperlipidemic rats, altered the serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to near normal [32]. B. ramiflora is also known to be effective against hyperlipidemia, which is confirmed by investigating methanolic and ethanolic extracts of their leaf and seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic wistar rats. The result indicated that the extracts of B. ramiflora at the dose level of 150mg/kg, 200mg/kg, 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg bodyweight, extremely diminished levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, (LDL)-cholesterol, and (HDL)-cholesterol and exhibited significant hypolipidimic activity that was strongly comparable with Metformin (100mg/kg/day) and Rosuvastatin (10mg/kg) [45-46].

Analgesic activity

Methanolic extract of fruit pulp and seeds of B. ramiflora were screened for analgesic activity by employing different animal models stating chemical (acetic acid induced writhing and formalin test), and physical (tail immersion) methods. Ibuprofen, morphine, and diclofenac sodium at the concentration of 10mg/ml were used as standard. The result indicated that the extracts of B. ramiflora at doses of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg bodyweight, significantly inhibited induced pain. Due to these excellent pharmacologically active analgesics of B. ramiflora can manage both central and peripheral pain in used animal models [24,64].

Cytotoxic property

Almost entire plant has been accessed for cytotoxic activity of B. ramiflora [51,64,67,68]. Among them the stem bark of B. ramiflora was found to be the best cytotoxic activity, which was investigated by using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where the result showed that aqueous soluble fraction of stem bark of B. ramiflora exhibited most toxicity with LC50 1.44µg/mL as compared to the standard vincristine sulphate (LC50 0.9258µg/mL) [51].

Hypoglycemic effect

A literature review revealed that methanolic extract of B. ramiflora leaves (200mg/kg) as a single dose per day to the alloxan induced (120mg/kg) diabetic rats for 14 days produced substantial hypoglycemia and reduced the elevated blood glucose level (50.06%). The result was comparable with the standard metformin (58.17%) [45]. The methanolic extract of the bark of B. ramiflora showed significant hypoglycemic activity with a significant 24.89% and 29.19% inhibition at 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg bodyweight, respectively [46].

Cytoprotective effect

Plant extracts having antioxidant activities also lead to the inhibition of oxidative damage to biological structures. Due to such antioxidant potential, the in vitro and in vivo cytoprotective effect of B. angulata juice was measured on plasma MDA levels in rabbits.  They showed that B. angulata fruit significantly decreased the plasma level of MDA and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in rabbits fed a high-cholesterol diet. Thus B. angulata protects Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidative modification may be attributed to phenolic compounds known to act as powerful chain-breaking antioxidants and free radical scavengers [14].

Anti-diarrhoeal activity

The protection and effectiveness of B. ramiflora fruit pulp and seeds were evaluated for in vivo castor oil induced anti-diarrheal activity against diarrhea. It is evident that the percentage inhibition of defecation by methanol extract (200mg/kg) of fruit pulp was close to that of loperamide (3mg/kg), while the seeds (200mg/kg) were marginally more effective. Thus, it demonstrated anti-diarrheal activity [64].

Sleep inducing property

Melatonin is involved in circadian rhythm and regulation of diverse body functions, including sleep [69]. Melatonin was extracted by using solid phase extraction and showed a modest amount of melatonin (43.2 ng/g of dry sample weight) in B. ramiflora. Melatonin content in the leaves is a promising result for future development of this overlooked part of B. ramiflora as a health food supplement [70].

Thrombolytic activity

To identify blood thinning medications from plant source different extractives (aqueous, methanolic, ethanolic, ethyl acetate, chloroform, and their cyclohexane soluble partitioning materials extracts) of B. ramiflora were studied for thrombolytic activity. The aqueous extract of B. ramiflora seeds showed the highest thrombolytic potential with promising clot disruption (88.21%) which was higher than the standard drug streptokinase (66.77%) [68]. Another thrombolytic evaluation of n-hexane extracts of B. ramiflora bark showed 17.00±1.31 % of clot lysis, whereas streptokinase exhibited 65.13±0.96% of clot lysis as standard [71]. From these experiments, it can be said that the B. ramiflora extracts can be used as thrombolytic agents with its best pharmaceutical possibilities.

Anti-atherosclerotic effect

Atherosclerotic diseases are still major causes of mortality globally. B. angulata is claimed to be plaque-reducing activity as a new anti-atherogenic plant which was investigated by using in vivo animal model, where the result showed that treatment with fruit juice of B. angulata reduced plaque formation in rabbits’ entire aorta thus decrease serum IL-8 and IL-18 production of inflammatory biomarkers and thus could protect against oxidative stress linked atherosclerosis and decrease the atherogenic index [72-73].

Anthelmintic activity

ramiflora possess varying degree of in vitro anthelmintic activity conducted by solitary study. The acetone extract of leaf (100mg/ml) exhibited significant wormicidal activity against Pheretima posthuma in a dose-dependent manner, where the results were expressed in terms of time for paralysis and time for death of worms which was comparable to standard drug albendazole (10mg/ml) [68]. The anthelmintic effect of leaf might be attributed to the presence of β-sitosterol, which has proven antihelimintic property [74].

Insecticidal activity

Insecticidal activity of acetone fraction B. ramiflora leaf has been tested against adult Sitophilus oryzae. The fraction was effective in eliminating S. Oryzae, with a mortality rate of 80% and 100%, thus helping to manage the rice weevil field population, S. Oryzae [75].

Hepatoprotective activity

ramiflora exhibited a hepatoprotective effect against alcohol and paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity which was confirmed by histopathological examination of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. Treatment with ethanolic extracts of B. ramiflora leaves (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) can alter the level of biochemical parameters to the near normal levels almost comparable to the silymarin. So that it can be concluded that B. ramiflora possess hepatoprotective effect against alcohol and paracetamol-induced liver damage in rats [76].

Haemolytic activity

A literature review analyzed that the haemolytic activity of fruit juice of B. ramiflora using human erythrocyte. Fruit juice (100µl/ml) was declared safe to human erythrocyte since it exhibited negligible haemolytic activity (% Haemolysis=5.69) compared to Triton X-100 (100µl/ml) where % Haemolysis is 60.28 as standard [52].

Neuropharmacological activity

Two different neuropharmacological models, named open field and whole cross test were used to study the CNS depressant activity of crude extaracts (100mg/kg and 200mg/kg) of B. ramiflora fruit pulp and seeds, respectively. Both the tests revealed that the extracts could reduce the locomotor activity which is a measure of Central Nervous System (CNS) depressant activity. The results were comparable to the standard diazepam [64,77].

Antidiabetic activity

A literature review revealed that B. racemosa leaf extract possesses mild to moderate antidiabetic property, which was experimented through in vitro antidiabetic assay, i.e., α-amylase inhibition method. It was observed that, methanol and ethanol leaf extracts of B. rasemosa exhibited similar potency of antidiabetic activity with IC₅₀ values were 67.63±0.36 ppm, 67.46±0.23 ppm, respectively where Acarbose drug used as standard with IC50 23.48±0.35 ppm [57].

Phytochemical Investigation

Phytochemical screening

Preliminary phytochemical sampling of the genus Baccaurea disclosed the presence of many bioactive materials of terpenoids, glycosides, reducing sugar, phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, tannins, steroids, flavonoids, volatile oils, quinones, coumarins, carbohydrates, anthraquinones, polyphenols, Ascorbic acids, phytosterols, gums and mucilage, saponins, proteins and fixed oils, phlobatannin, resins, organic acids, carotenoids from different crude alcohol and aqueous extracts of B. courtallensis, B. ramiflora, B. motleyana, B. lanceolata, B. macrocarpa and B. angulata. In B. ramiflora, the total polyphenilic content of the leaf extract was found 79.06±0.03mg (GAE)/g, 28.80±0.01mg (QE)/g flavonoid and 29.42±0.01μg cathechin equivalent/g proanthocyanidin respectively [44], similarly the total phenolic content was 51.4mg of GAE/g [78]. In B. angulata, the total phenolic content was 16.58mg GAE/g, flavonoid 31.05mg QE/g and anthocyanin 0.72(mgc-3-g/100g) [58]. B. macrocarpa pericarp contained the total phenolics, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin, and total carotenoid with the values of 60.04±0.53mg GAE/g, 44.68 ±0.67mg CE/g, 1.23±0.20mg c-3-gE/100g and 0.81±0.14mg BCE/g [53]. In B. rasemosa, pulp has the highest Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) with values 42.975±1.978mg (mg GAE g-1 dry extract) and 122.813±1.604mg (mg RE g-1 dry extract), respectively [55].

Identification and isolation of bioactive compound

A variety of bioactive constituents are present in B. ramiflora contributed to the discovery and characterization of many secondary metabolites. Literature search showed that 4′-O-(6-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl tachioside D (1), 6′ ovanilloylpicraquassioside D (2), 6′-O-vanilloylicariside B5 (3) blumenol A (4), icariside B5 (5), 6′-O-vanilloylisotachioside (6), and β-sitosterol (7), 6'- O-vanilloyltachioside (8), (-)-epicatechin (9), bis(8-catechiny 1)methane (Structure not found), aviculin (10), 3-O-caffeoyl-4-O-methylquinic acid (11), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (12), tuberonic acid glucoside methyl ester (13), erigeside B (14), (2S,3S,4R)-2- [(2R)-2-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (15), aralia cerebroside (16), (24S)-24-ethylcholesta-3β,5α,6β-triol, stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one (17), 7-oxo-β-sitosterol (18), 7α-methoxy-sigmast-5-en-3β-ol (structure not found), daucosterol (19), rosmarinic Acid (20), epidihydrotutin (21), ramifloside (22), sapidolide A (23), picrotoximaesin (24), phytol (25), betulinic acid (26), oleic acid (27), palmitic acid (28), 3 methoxy 4 hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde (coniferyl aldehyde) (29), 3, 4, 5 trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde (30), 3, 4, 5 trimethoxy benzaldehyde (31), 3,4 dimethoxy benzaldehyde (veratraldehyde) (32) and melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) (33) from different parts like leaf, stem, root, seed kernel and fruits of B. ramiflora (Figure 1) through HPLC, 1H and 1D, 2D, 13C- NMR spectroscopic methods, Various chromatographic techniques and GS- MS analysis [20,44,49,51,62,63,70,79-82].

According to the literature, (E)- Hex-2-enal (1) considered as the major active ingredient in B. motleyana fruits also contained high levels of methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (2), methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoate (3) and methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (4) as an antibacterial activity. Secondary metabolites contained in rambai; Decanoic acid (5), 1- Decene (6), Methyl salicylate (7) and Stearyl alcohol (8) (Figure 2) were analysed by capillary GC and GC-MS [83-84]. Literature search showed that, three greatest antimicrobial compounds (Figure 3) including Dimethyl 2, 3-bis [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] succinate (1), Arabino-hexos-2- ulose, 3, 4, 5, 6-tetrakis-o-(trimethylsilyl)-, bis (dimethyl acetal) (2) and Bis(trimethylsilyl) 2,3- bis [(trimethylsilyl)oxy] succinate (3) were identified from the crude extract of B. lanceolata based on derivatised GC-MS analysis of the Milli-Q water fractions [9]. β-sitosterol was also reported to be detected from the ethyl acetate (fr. EtOAc) extracts of Fruits of B. lanceolata [85].

In two different studies expand that a total of 17 phenolic compounds contained in the skin, pulp, and whole fruit of methanolic extract of B. angulata (Figure 4). Among them, five flavonoids (1-5), ten phenolic acids (6-15) and two phenolic diterpenes (16-17) were reported to be isolated and identified as quercetin (1), catechin (2), kaempferol (3), rutin (4), myricetin (5), caffeic acid (6), cinnamic acid (7), p-coumaric acid (8), ferulic acid (9), gallic acid (10), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), protocatechuic acid (12), salicylic acid (13), sinapic acid (14), vanillic acid (15), carnosol (16) and  carnosic acid (17) were performed on Chromatographic analyses of (LCMS/MS) (AB Sciex, Toronto, Canada) coupled to Perkin Elmer Flexar FX15 (UHPLC) system operated by AB Sciex analyst software for instrument control, data acquisition and data analysis [33-34,58](Table 2?).

Figure 1: Isolated and identified bioactive constituents from B. ramiflora. 4′-O-(6-O-vanilloyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl tachioside D (1), 6′ Ovanilloylpicraquassioside D (2), 6′-O-vanilloylicariside B5 (3) Blumenol A (4), Icariside B5 (5), 6′-O-vanilloylisotachioside (6), and β-sitosterol (7), 6’- O-vanilloyltachioside (8), (-)-Epicatechin (9), Aviculin (10), 3-O-Caffeoyl-4-Omethylquinic acid (11), 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid methyl ester (12), Tuberonic acid glucoside methyl ester (13), Erigeside B (14), (2S,3S,4R)-2- [(2R)-2-hydroxytetracosanoylamino]-1,3,4-octadecanetriol (15), Aralia cerebroside (16), stigmast-4-en-6β-ol-3-one (17), 7-oxo-β-sitosterol (18), daucosterol (19), rosmarinic Acid (20), epidihydrotutin (21), ramifloside (22), sapidolide A (23), picrotoximaesin (24), phytol (25), betulinic acid (26), oleic acid (27), palmitic acid (28), 3 methoxy 4 hydroxy-cinnamaldehyde (coniferyl aldehyde) (29), 3, 4, 5 trimethoxy cinnamaldehyde (30), 3, 4, 5 trimethoxy benzaldehyde (31), 3,4 dimethoxy benzaldehyde (veratraldehyde) (32) and Melatonin (33).

Figure 2: Isolated and identified secondary metabolites contained in B. motleyana fruits. (E)-Hex-2-enal (1), methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoate (2), methyl 2-hydroxy-3-methylpentanoate (3), methyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate (4), Decanoic acid (5), 1-Decene (6), Methyl salicylate (7) and Stearyl alcohol (8).

Figure 3: Antimicrobial compounds detected from B. lanceolata. Dimethyl2,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] succinate (1), Arabino-hexos-2-ulose,3,4,5,6- tetrakis-o-trimethylsilyl)-, bis (dimethyl acetal) (2) and Bis(trimethylsilyl) 2,3- bis[(trimethylsilyl) oxy] succinate (3).

Figure 4: Isolated phenolic compounds from B. angulata. quercetin (1), catechin (2), kaempferol (3), rutin (4), myricetin (5), caffeic acid (6), cinnamic acid (7), p-coumaric acid (8), ferulic acid (9), gallic acid (10), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), protocatechuic acid (12), salicylic acid (13), sinapic acid (14), vanillic acid (15), carnosol (16) and carnosic acid (17).

Table 2: Bioactive compounds isolated from Baccaurea genus along with their activity.

Conclusion

Medicinal Plants are the gift of nature to human beings to have a healthy life free of disease. In Southeast Asia, phytomedicine for local healers is very common with Baccaurea species. The numerous ethnomedicinal practices, phytochemical properties, pharmacological activities, and pharmaceutical applications of Baccaurea species have been demonstrated in this study. Phytochemical and pharmacological screening records of the various species of Baccaureas indicated the presence of important bioactive substances. A review is worthwhile due to the significance of the underutilized plants as a source of new medicinal agents. Therefore, for the production and creation of new drugs, more research and activities relating to the inventory, conservation, characterization, and isolation of the compound from the medicinally conspicuous Baccaurea plant species are required [86-106].

Conflict of Interest Statement

Authors announce that no conflict of interest occurs.

Acknowledgment

TKC gratefully acknowledges the support and expresses its appreciation to the Department of Pharmacy, Manarat International University, Ashulia Model Town, Khagan, Ashulia, Dhaka, Bangladesh for providing all the facilities and moral support to conduct the work.

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