New Pathways for Anti-Pathogen Responsiveness Using Electrocide

Abstract

Pathogen transmission pathways, such as foodborne illnesses, often involve crops contaminated with E. coli. Consuming these crops raw or undercooked can result in gastrointestinal infections. E. coli can also enter drinking water sources through contaminated soil or runoff, posing health risks. Soil tainted with E. coli presents a significant public health threat. To mitigate these risks, employing natural methods to eliminate pathogens can enhance soil health and reduce human pathogenicity. Proper sanitation and hygiene practices in agriculture are crucial, including safe waste management and careful handling of treated manure. Individuals in food service and agricultural settings must thoroughly wash their hands after handling soil or animals. The use of antibiotics, along with natural methods, has both pros and cons. This study examines antibiotic use and the application of Electrocide, an effective and safe method for pathogen management. We aim to understand Electrocide's in vitro applications and its effects on gut and soil microbiomes, utilizing biological, physical, and chemical approaches to enhance soil health. Research on Electrocide investigates its use of electrical fields to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in agricultural soil and water systems. This method serves as an alternative to traditional chemical treatments, demonstrating effectiveness in inactivating pathogens while preserving the overall microbial community vital for soil and gut health. Electrocide shows significant potential in agricultural settings to reduce foodborne illnesses linked to contaminated crops. This work contrasts Electrocide with traditional antimicrobial methods, underscoring its lower environmental and health risks compared to chemical pesticides or antibiotics. Its low ecological footprint makes Electrocide an appealing alternative in an era of rising resistance to chemical treatments. Ensuring safe implementation of Electrocide is essential to avoid negatively affecting beneficial microbes that support healthy ecosystems and gut function. This study highlights Electrocide's effectiveness in vitro against various pathogens, emphasizing the importance of maintaining healthy microbiomes in both soil and gut contexts.

Keywords: Food borne diseases, Anti-pathogen responses, Healthy gut microbiomes surveillance, Soil microbiome health, Electrocide, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis/vulgaris

Acronyms: HUS-Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; UTIs -Urinary Tract Infections; AMR-Antimicrobial Resistance; PBPs-Penicillin-Binding Proteins; ESBLs-Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases; CFU/ml-Colony-Forming Unit Per Milliliter; BHI-Brain Heart Infusion; MHA-Mueller–Hinton Agar; CLSI-Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

Introduction

Health Impacts of coli Contamination

The transmission Pathways include foodborne Illness which occurs when crops contaminated with E. coli are consumed raw or undercooked, they can cause gastrointestinal infections. E. coli can leach into drinking water sources from contaminated soil or runoff, posing health risks when ingested (Friedman M & Levin 2023). Soil contaminated with E. coli can pose a risk, particularly for individuals who work in agriculture or live near contaminated areas [1]. The health risks range from gastrointestinal illness where pathogenic strains of E. coli, such as E. coli O157:H7, can cause severe diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting, and fever [2,3]. In some cases, infections can lead to Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS), a severe condition that can cause kidney failure. Certain strains of E. coli are a leading cause of Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs), which may arise from exposure to contaminated soil or water. Although rare, E. coli can potentially enter the bloodstream or other body systems, leading to more severe infections [4-6]. The vulnerable populations are young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems are particularly vulnerable to E. coli infections due to their potentially less robust immune responses.

Preventive Measures for Food Safety

Implementing proper sanitation and hygiene practices in agriculture, including safe waste management and use of treated manure. Washing hands thoroughly after handling soil or animals, especially in food service, agricultural or farm settings. Water Safety is vital, ensuring safe drinking water sources and proper water treatment facilities to reduce contamination risks. Thoroughly washing fruits and vegetables, particularly those that will be eaten raw, and cooking foods to proper temperatures to kill harmful bacteria thus ensures food safety [7,8].

Monitoring and Controlling Pathogens: Monitoring coli presence in soil, water, and agricultural products can help reduce the risk of outbreaks and inform public health interventions. E. coli in soil presents a potential health risk through various pathways, primarily related to food and water contamination. Understanding the sources and transmission mechanisms, along with implementing preventive measures, is essential for reducing the health impacts of E. coli infections. Continuous public health education and infrastructure development in sanitation and hygiene practices are vital to mitigating the risks associated with pathogenic E. coli [9]. The growing concern over pathogenicity in soil and crops is a multifaceted issue that has significant implications for agriculture, food security, human health, and environmental sustainability. There is increased Incidence of Soilborne Pathogens due to intensifying agricultural practices—such as monoculture, over-reliance on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and land degradation—there has been an observable increase in soilborne pathogens. These pathogens can affect plant health and yield, leading to economic losses for farmers and food supply challenges [10].

Climate Change Effects on Pathogens: Climate change is altering weather patterns and growing conditions, which can favor the proliferation of certain pathogens. Warmer temperatures and increased rainfall may enhance the survival and spread of pathogens in both soil and crops, complicating control measures and requiring adaptive management strategies [11].

Soil Heath and Pathogens: Soil health is fundamental to crop production, as healthy microbiome soils are inherently more resistant to pathogens. Practices that degrade soil health—like heavy tillage, excessive use of pesticides, and nutrient depletion—can increase the susceptibility of crops to diseases. There’s an urgent need to promote sustainable soil management practices that enhance soil fertility and biodiversity, which can help suppress pathogenic organisms [12,13]. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) due to the use of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents in agricultural systems, especially in animal husbandry, may contribute to the emergence of resistant pathogens. These resistant microorganisms can spread to crops through contaminated soil and water, posing risks to human health through the food chain [14].

Pathogenic organisms in soil can contaminate crops at various stages of production, leading to outbreaks of foodborne illness. The presence of pathogens like Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria in produce is a growing concern, emphasizing the need for proper agricultural practices and food safety protocols. There is a shift towards integrated approach towards biological, cultural and chemical controls towards improving the microbiome health and downstream effects [15].

Increasing awareness and education among farmers, agronomists, and consumers about the importance of soil health and sustainable agricultural practices can foster proactive measures to combat pathogenicity. Understanding the connection between soil health and crop vitality is essential for developing resilient agricultural systems. Addressing the growing concern of pathogenicity in soil and crops requires a collaborative effort among researchers, policymakers, farmers, and consumers. Emphasizing sustainable agricultural practices, enhancing soil health, and utilizing integrated management strategies can mitigate the risks associated with soilborne pathogens and ensure safe, resilient food systems. As global populations continue to grow, the urgency to tackle these challenges will only intensify, necessitating innovative approaches and committed action from all stakeholders involved [16].

Escherichia Coli infects in Soil and Health Impacts

Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a diverse group of bacteria, some strains of which are pathogenic and can cause disease in humans. While commonly associated with foodborne illnesses or infections from contaminated water, E. coli can also exist in soil environments, leading to potential health impacts [17]. The sources of E. coli in Soil include animal waste. Livestock, particularly cattle, are common reservoirs of pathogenic E. coli strains. Their faeces can contaminate soil, especially in agricultural settings. Poor sanitation practices can lead to human waste contaminating soil, particularly in areas without sewage treatment facilities. Using fertilizers that contain animal manure can introduce E. coli into the soil. E. coli can survive in soil for extended periods, depending on environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and organic content. This persistence can lead to contamination of crops and water supplies [18].

Mechanisms to Eliminate or Reduce Pathogens in the Soil

There are several natural methods to eliminate or reduce pathogens in the soil. These methods utilize biological, physical, and chemical approaches that leverage natural processes or materials to disinfect or improve soil health. Some effective natural methods include solarization a process that involves covering moist soil with clear plastic sheets for several weeks during hot weather. The sunlight heats the soil, which can kill or inactivate many pathogens, weeds, and pests. It is particularly useful in vegetable gardens and nursery production, solarization can significantly reduce soil-borne diseases [19]. Use of Biocontrol Agents like introducing beneficial microbes such as certain bacteria (e.g., Bacillus spp.) and fungi (e.g., Trichoderma spp.) can outcompete or inhibit pathogenic organisms. These organisms can improve soil health and protect plants from diseases by creating a balanced microbial ecosystem [20]. Crop Rotation, alternating the planting of different crops can interrupt the life cycles of pathogens that are specific to certain plants. This practice helps minimize the impact of soil-borne diseases. Particularly effective when diseases are associated with certain plant families.

Planting cover crops, such as clover or rye, during the off-season can improve soil health and suppress disease pathogens. Some cover crops can have biofumigant properties and may reduce pathogens through soil amendment. Enhances soil structure, prevents erosion, and contributes to nutrient cycling while minimizing pathogenic organisms.

Application of Natural Compounds, some essential oils (e.g., tea tree, eucalyptus) and natural substances like garlic or neem oil can have antimicrobial properties that help eliminate soil pathogens. These can be applied as foliar sprays or soil drenches to manage specific diseases.

Vermicomposting, using earthworms to break down organic matter and produce nutrient-rich worm castings can enhance soil health and reduce pathogens. Vermicompost contains beneficial microbes that can suppress soil-borne pathogens.

Soil Amendments, adjusting the soil pH through natural amendments (e.g., lime to increase pH or Sulphur to decrease it) can create unfavorable conditions for certain pathogens. Maintaining optimal pH levels can reduce the incidence of various soil-borne diseases.

Applying organic mulch (e.g., straw, grass clippings) can suppress weed growth and may reduce pathogen exposure, as it adds organic matter as it decomposes. Mulching can improve soil moisture and structure, indirectly helping reduce pathogen levels.

Employing natural methods to eliminate pathogens in soil can greatly improve soil health and reduce the incidence of plant diseases. These methods not only deal with pathogens but also enhance overall soil fertility and ecosystem resilience. For best results, integrating multiple practices often yields the most effective outcomes in sustainable soil management [21].

Electrocide™

"Electrocide™" is a novel nature-based dietary supplement that has been previously administered over 100,000 times without any adverse effects. It has been tested for efficacy of anti-pathogenesis with the combination of trace minerals [22-24], activation complex [25], which allows for an increased solubility across cell membranes [25]. Scanning and transmitting electron microscopic images show that the pathogens are degraded from the electrical interface of negatively charged pathogens in response to the positively charged active minerals from the surfaces disintegrating the negatively charged pathogens [26,27]. The inactive disintegrating pathogens could be associated with immune improvement [28]. An oxygen-rich environment is created through the Treated Energy Water in the Electrocide (liquid and capsules), which significantly increases and maintains higher dissolved oxygen content. This higher oxygen concentration increases oxidation/reduction cellular function (mitochondrial), creating energy elevation, increasing circulation and other organelle function protein metabolism, including hormone production, and other beneficial cellular actions, including mitochondrial and gut-brain activation [29-31].

Previous studies indicated "Electrocide™" supported claims related to improved general wellness, including fatigue, energy, diarrhea, and faster recovery towards COVID-19 [32,33]. Studies have also shown that cancer cells with a negative charge on the exterior surface [34,35] and internally may allow "Electrocide™" to destroy negatively charged cancer cells effectively and stimulates natural immune response to the neoplasm [36,37].

Additionally, it has been postulated that using an enhanced delivery system for chemotherapeutics may provide greater effectiveness to be achieved with chemotherapy without the high number of side effects due to the lower quantity of the products used while improving the resulting efficiency at the same time. Recent studies in immunotherapy have shown that many patients have a chronic level of inflammation when being treated can be made more efficient when moving the body toward an acute inflammatory metabolism, which may allow for synergistic effects from the immune support treatment, cell treatments, and chemotherapeutics, furthermore, if radiation is being used the combined healing effects from the immunotherapy treatments may not only further enhance the recovery from the radiation but also aide in additional healthy cell regeneration in the patient [38].

Ceftriaxone vs Electrocide against Coli

When comparing the efficacy of Ceftriaxone, a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, against Escherichia coli (E. coli) to experimental antipathogen agents, several factors need to be considered. Ceftriaxone inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by binding to Penicillin-Binding Proteins (PBPs). This leads to the lysis of the bacteria. It is effective against a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria including many strains of E. coli, as well as some Gram-positive bacteria. However, resistance can occur, particularly with strains producing Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs). Ceftriaxone is well-absorbed when administered intravenously or intramuscularly, with excellent tissue distribution and a long half-life allowing for once-daily dosing. It is primarily eliminated via the kidneys. Generally, Ceftriaxone is effective in treating infections caused by susceptible strains of E. coli, such as Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) and certain intra-abdominal infections. Experimental antipathogens could refer to a variety of novel agents, including: Antibiotics in Development where new compounds designed to overcome resistance mechanisms, such as beta-lactamase inhibitors or molecules targeting bacterial virulence factors. Bacteriophages- these are viruses that specifically target and lyse bacteria, including E. coli. Their efficacy can vary based on the specific phage and bacterial strain involved. Host-Directed Therapies such as immune modulators or agents designed to enhance the host's immune response against bacterial infections. Natural Antimicrobials such as substances derived from plants or other sources.

Effectiveness

Natural antipathogen products, which include products derived from plants, herbs, essential oils, probiotics, and other natural sources, offer several potential health benefits compared to traditional antibiotics as shown as follows.

Table 1:

Ceftriaxone is a broad-spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is typically effective against a variety of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, including certain strains of Streptococcus. The most clinically relevant species include Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) and Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus). Streptococcal infections can range from mild (such as pharyngitis) to severe (such as pneumonia, meningitis, and cellulitis) as reported by Wang & Zhang [39], Boehme & Williams [40], Sullivan & McLean [41], Casanova & Serrano [42], Hussain & Khan [43], Lim & Reddy [44], Martínez-González, & Zamudio-Flores [45]. As a cephalosporin, Ceftriaxone works by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, leading to bacterial cell lysis and death. Ceftriaxone is generally effective against Streptococcus pneumoniae, particularly against strains that are susceptible. It is often used in treating community-acquired pneumonia, meningitis (due to its good CNS penetration) and Otitis media (in some cases).

Methods and Procedures

Procedures for the In Vitro Cultures preparation

The standard guidelines provided by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) was used in the preparation of the cultures used in the study. The cultures include culture of E. coli alone, culture of E. coli and the Electrocide, culturing of soil samples, culturing of a mixture of soil samples and Electrocide, culture of a mixture of E. coli, Electrocide and the soil samples, culture of Staphylococcus alone, culture of staphylococcus and the Electrocide, culture of a mixture of Staphylococcus, Electrocide and the soil samples, culturing of E. coli and ceftriaxone, and culturing of staphylococcus with ceftriaxone. For each culture preparation, the required materials were used [46]. The standard methods were used for each culture preparation as stipulated below [47-51].

For Culture of E. coli alone involved the preparation of 0.5 McFarland standard, Preparation of Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), inoculation, incubation and analysis as provided in the standard operation procedures.

For Culture of E. coli and the Electrocide there was inoculation, Agar well diffusion, incubation for 0, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72hr followed by analysis to establish the number of colonies in 1ml after every incubation period respective.

When culturing soil samples, three soil samples were used and labeled as S1, S2 and S3. The process involved preparation of MHA as guided by the manufacturer, quality control was done by pre incubating the poured plates at 37°C overnight and checking for growth of any organisms. Samples were collected and labeled appropriately, dilution of 1g of soil sample with 400ml of sterile saline water, inoculation was done where 10microliter of the suspension was pipetted into a well labelled petri dishes and gently spread across the surface of the agar plate using a sterile spreader. The plates were incubated overnight and analysis included checking for growth in the plates of different soil samples and plate counting. Gram staining and biochemical tests are carried out to identify the organisms in the soil.

When culturing a mixture of soil and Electrocide, undiluted Electrocide was used. Soil was diluted, inoculated and agar well diffusion where a cork borer was used to punch a well in the agar and 200microliters of the Electrocide added in each well, incubation for 0, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72hr in an upright position followed by analysis where for each plate counting was done to establish the number of colonies in 1ml after every incubation period respectively while the measuring the diameter of the zones of inhibition by subtracting the diameter of the well.

Culturing of a mixture of E. Coli, Electrocide and the soil samples, pure colonies of E. Coli and soil samples are included in the requirements. The mixture of soil sample, E. Coli and Electrocide was formed by mixing 400ml of the soil sample with 1ml of the Electrocide where 100microlitre of the 0.5 McFarland standard of pure colonies of E. coli was added. The mixture was inoculated in the agar plate which was incubated at 32 -37°C for 0, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72hr. Plate counting was done to establish the number of colonies in 1ml after every incubation period respectively.

For Staphylococcus culture alone, a 0.5 McFarland standard was prepared using a sterile swab, inoculated with a pure colony of Staphylococcus into the sterile saline water which is vortexed to breakdown the colonies and ensuring equal distribution of Staphylococcus in the saline water. The test tube is inserted into the densimeter and determine its density, which was adjusted with addition of saline and the E. coli colonies to attain a density of 0.5. Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) was prepared using manufacturer’s guidelines. Addition of BHI for enrichment of the Staphylococcus. Inoculation was done by dipping a sterile swab into a 0.5 McFarland standard; after draining the excess on the walls of the test tube, the swab was uniformly streaked uniformly on the entire surface of Muller Hinton Agar in a well labelled plate. The agar plate was incubated overnight and plate reading and counting done.

The Culture of staphylococcus and the Electrocide, undiluted Electrocide was used. Staphylococcus was inoculated in a well label plate, agar well diffusion- where a cork borer was used to punch a well in the agar and 200microlitres of the Electrocide was filled into the wells and incubated at 32-37°C for 0, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72hr. Plate counting was done to establish the number of colonies in 1ml after every incubation period respectively.

Culturing of a mixture of Staphylococcus, Electrocide and the soil samples; pure colonies of Staphylococcus, Soil samples (S1, S2, S3) and undiluted Electrocide was used in addition to standard requirements. To form the mixture, 400ml of the soil sample with 1ml of the Electrocide then add in 100microlitre of the 0.5 McFarland standard of pure colonies of Staphylococcus. For inoculation, 10microliter of the mixture was pipetted into a well label petri dish which is gently spread across the surface of the agar plate using a sterile spreader. The agar plate was placed in the incubator at 32-37°C for 0, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72hr. Plate counting was done to establish the number of colonies in 1ml after every incubation period respectively.

For E. Coli and Ceftriaxone culture, Clinical specimens were collected from patients presenting symptoms of infection. Common sources include urine, blood, or wound swabs. Samples were processed to isolate E. coli and eliminate any potential contaminants. A sterile loop is used to transfer colonies into nutrient broth to create a liquid culture during the inoculation. The inoculated broth was incubated at 37°C overnight to allow exponential growth. The result was a turbid solution indicating the presence of E. coli. When preparing for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST), a sample from the liquid culture was standardized to a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard using sterile saline. This ensures a consistent bacterial concentration for testing. The standardized culture was added to a new liquid medium containing ceftriaxone at varying concentrations. Broth Micro Dilution Method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone. Serial dilutions of ceftriaxone were prepared in sterile broth. Equal amounts of the standardized E. coli culture were added to each well. The setup was incubated at 37°C overnight. After incubation, signs of bacterial growth were examined. No visible growth indicates inhibition by the antibiotic, confirming the concentration as the MIC. Cloudiness in the medium suggests bacterial growth and indicates resistance to that ceftriaxone concentration. The MIC value is compared to established clinical breakpoints: Susceptible: MIC ≤ 1 μg/mL; Intermediate: MIC 2-4 μg/mL; Resistant: MIC ≥ 8 μg/mL.

During the Culturing of staphylococcus with ceftriaxone; from collected samples, Colonies of Staphylococcus were transferred to MHA and incubated at 37°C overnight. The sample is prepared for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing while Broth Micro Dilution Method was used to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ceftriaxone against Staphylococcus. Serial dilutions of ceftriaxone were prepared in sterile broth, and equal volumes of the standardized bacterial culture are added to each well or tube. The setup was incubated at 37°C overnight. Clear media indicate that the antibiotic concentration has inhibited bacterial growth, designating this as the MIC. Cloudy media suggest bacterial growth, showing resistance at that particular ceftriaxone concentration. Interpretation follows standard guidelines: Susceptible: MIC ≤ 8 μg/mL, Intermediate: MIC 16 μg/mL, Resistant: MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL.

Results

The effectiveness of the Electrocide is comparative with known drug such as Ceftriaxone shown in Table 2. and Figure 1.

Table 2: Comparison of pathogen disablement between Electrocide and Ceftriaxone (known drug) over 24 hours.

Figure 1: Comparing areas of inhibition hence effectiveness of the Electrocide versus Ceftriaxone against selects pathogens.

Proven Effectiveness Over Time

Table 3: Comparing action of the Electrocide with Ceftriaxone on Staphylococcus Aureus.

Table 4: Comparing effectiveness of the Electrocide on Staphylococcus Aureus in BHI population over time.

Electrocide showed very significant effect on the Staphylococcus Aureus population over time as shown in Table 4 and Figure 3.

Figure 2: Staphylococcus Aureus in BHI population over time (control).

Figure 3: Staphylococcus Aureus in BHI +Electrocide population comparison over time.

Figure 4: Staphylococcus Aureus in BHI +Ceftriaxone population comparison over time.

Figure 3 and 4 shows that Electrocide is more effective that the Ceftriaxone in clearing the bacteria over time.

Table 5: Comparing action of the Electrocide with Ceftriaxone on Escherichia Coli.

Table 6: Comparing effectiveness of the Electrocide on Escherichia coli in BHI population over time.

Electrocide showed very significant effect on the Electrocide on Escherichia coli in BHI population over time as shown in Table 6 and Figure 6).

Figure 5: E. Coli in BHI population comparison over time(control).

Figure 6: E. Coli in BHI +Electrocide population over time comparison.

Figure 7: E. Coli in BHI + Ceftriaxone population comparison over time.

Soil Studies and Implications of Improved Microbiome

The three soil samples were collected from different location within Mbarara Referrals Hospital field and labelled as:

Soil Sample 1: Moist from the garden field

Soil Sample 2: Semi-arid type from the area between the garden and dry area

Soil Sample 3: Arid and sandy on the dry area of the water terrace.

Table 7: Comparing Electrocide action with soil sample 1 with and without E. Coli Spike.

Table 8: Comparing Electrocide action with semi-arid soil sample with and without E. Coli Spike.

Table 9: Comparing Electrocide action with Arid and Sandy soil sample with and without E. Coli Spike.

Figure 8: Comparing Pathogen Population in moist soil sample with Electrocide with and without E. Coli spike.

Figure 9: Moist soil sample with Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Figure 10: Moist soil sample with E. Coli spike + Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Figure 11: Comparing Pathogen Population in Semi-Arid soil sample with Electrocide with and without E. Coli spike.

Figure 12: Semi-Arid Soil sample with Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Figure 13: Semi-Arid Soil sample with E. Coli spike + Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Figure 14: Comparing Pathogen Population in Arid and sandy soil sample with Electrocide with and without E. Coli spike.

Figure 15: Arid and sandy Soil sample with Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Figure 16: Arid and Sandy Soil sample with E. Coli spike + Electrocide pathogen population over time.

Discussion

This research on Electrocide investigates the use of electrical fields to selectively target and eliminate pathogenic microorganisms in various environments, particularly in agricultural soil and water systems. This study focusses on the effectiveness and safety of this method as an alternative to traditional chemical treatments.

Key points to the finding from this study are:

a) Mechanism of Action: Electrocide utilizes electrical currents to disrupt the cellular integrity of pathogens, leading to their inactivation or destruction. This process can be tailored to target specific types of microorganisms while minimizing harm to beneficial microbes.

b) Application in Agriculture: the potential for using Electrocide in agricultural settings as a means to improve soil health and reduce the risk of foodborne illnesses associated with contaminated crops. By effectively managing soil pathogens, the method can contribute to safer food production.

c) Comparative Safety: This work contrasts Electrocide with traditional antimicrobial methods, highlighting the reduced environmental and health risks associated with using electrical treatments rather than chemical pesticides or antibiotics.

d) Impact on Microbiomes: The research also addresses concerns regarding the effects of Electrocide on the soil and gut microbiomes, stressing the importance of understanding the implications for both human health and ecosystem balance.

e) Future Directions: Future research should do to optimize the application of Electrocide technology, including in vitro experiments to better assess its effectiveness and impact across different conditions.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates the effectiveness in vitro for Electrocide against a variety of pathogens. The healthy microbiome concept for the gut and for soil may have interesting ramifications which may lead to further studies understanding to the overall health equation for crop health and human health.

Acknowledgement

None.

Conflict of Interest

None.

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